Nonsmokers A Prospective Study Free Essays

In 2006, Rudolf bertagnoli and his group distributed an examination researching the impacts of smoking on patients who have experienced Lumbar absolute circle arthroplasty. â€Å"Smoking has consistently been considered to a negative indicator for combination surgery.† (Bertagnoli. We will compose a custom exposition test on Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study or then again any comparative point just for you Request Now R, 2006) Relatively few examinations have been embraced to watch impacts of smoking on the system of Total arthroplasty and the recuperation subsequently in smoking and non smoking patients. Some examination proposes that smoking forestalls or diminishes the bones capacity to develop into the prosthesis. Deferral in recuperation and diminishing in over all accomplishment of the implantation methodology have likewise been accused on smoking. (ProDisc Total Disk Replacement, 2008) â€Å"The point of the examination was to assess the progressions in practical and inability results inside a time of two years least in smoking and nonsmoking patients who have experienced the fake circle substitution therapy.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The Null speculation and the Alternate theory proposed were as per the following. Invalid Hypothesis: Smoking has no impeding impact on accomplishment of fake circle substitution (ADR). Interchange Hypothesis: â€Å"Smoking detrimentally affects the accomplishment of fake circle substitution (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) A partner study was directed with an underlying example of 110 patients between March 2000 and April 2002. The consideration models for the testing included, smokers and non smokers, age between 18-65 years, â€Å"disabling low back torment and some radicular torment auxiliary to single-level lumbar spondylosis† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) , patients experiencing least of multi year development and appraisal, and in conclusion disappointment of clinical treatment. They prohibited â€Å"patients with spinal stenosis, osteoporosis, earlier combination medical procedure, ceaseless contaminations, metal hypersensitivities, feature arthrosis, deficient vertebral endplate size, more than one degree of spondylosis, neuromuscular sickness, pregnancy, Workers’ Compensation, spinal case, weight record more noteworthy than 35, or potentially any isthmic.† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) Patient’s smoking status was recorded through surveys. Preoperative parts of the lumbar oddity were recorded radiographically. Result estimations were recorded at third, sixth, twelfth and the 24th month in the wake of experiencing the technique. The methodology achievement and recuperation movement was noted utilizing the Visual Analog Score (VAS) and the Oswestry Disability Index (ODI). Polls recording the back torment, torment drugs utilization and patient fulfillment were additionally utilized. Preoperative and postoperative radiographical evaluation of the back was additionally used to watch the recuperation movement in both, the smoking and non smoking gathering of patients. Subordinate factors included Smoking and Non smoking gathering. While the autonomous factors included VAS, ODI, quiet fulfillment, leg torment, work rates (postoperative), and drugs utilized postoperatively. Measurable examination was done as it was discovered that despite the fact that there was critical changes among preoperative and postoperative variable like VAS, ODI, understanding fulfillment, help of leg torment work rate and so on yet no factually noteworthy contrasts were found between these results of smoking patients when contrasted and nonsmokers. Subsequently, the examination neglects to dismiss the invalid speculation, which despite everything stands, for example â€Å"Smoking has no hindering impact on accomplishment of counterfeit circle substitution (ADR).† (Bertagnoli. R, 2006) The examination was led in a controlled way avoided numerous bias.â But further investigations should be directed with bigger example sizes to additionally investigate the job of smoking assuming any, in the accomplishment of circle substitution. Additionally there is requirement for investigating the connection between blood levels of nicotine and accomplishment of strategy just as the impacts of smoking and markers of bone adherence to the prosthesis should be additionally directed. Couple of inquiries that ring a bell, if nicotine plays such incredible restraining impact on the bone and collagen development as the investigation claims, at that point why wasn’t the impact of smokingâ on development factors and their observing excluded from the examination. Additionally, if as the specialists guarantee, that nicotine analgesically affects tolerant, was it excluded as a part in the examination? REFERENCES Bertagnoli. R., Yue. J.J., Kershaw.T, Shah.R, V., Pfeiffer. F, Fenk-Mayer, An, et al. (2006). Lumbar Total Disk Arthroplasty Utilizing the ProDisc Prosthesis in Smokers versus Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study with 2-Year Minimum Follow-up. Spine, 3, 992-997. ProDisc Total Disk Replacement (2008).â Spine Service-Sydney, Australia, recovered on February 29th, 2008, from http://www.spine-service.org/dr.html ; ; ; ; ; Instructions to refer to Nonsmokers: A Prospective Study, Essay models

Global Integrated marketing communications Essay

Worldwide Integrated advertising correspondences - Essay Example the IMC is without a doubt significant yet not to indistinguishable levels from the MC is since the MC takes a gander at all the various edges of promoting the brand, which could be the item and additionally administration or a mix of both, in specific occurrences. The coordinated advertising effort can't be fruitful if the various expectations are not placed in an immediate manner towards the intended interest group; regardless of it is the essential one or the auxiliary objective market. The promoting plan anyway remains the key in such a circumstance and it can't be tallied, regardless of how troublesome the endeavors or executions of the IMC end up being. IMC and MC must go connected at the hip towards an effective execution of the item and additionally service’s message equipped towards the important objective crowd. Message consistency is to be sure a critical part of the incorporated promoting effort since the old battles may very well get blended in with the more up to date crusades that are presented by the important brand, which could either be an item or an assistance and at times, a half and half likewise attempts with some impact. The message must stay outfitted towards a chose target crowd as this guarantees there are no weaknesses with respect to the individuals for which the message is put out, in any case. With that, we should comprehend that an even IMC crusade hopes to plug the deficiencies which normally emerge in the wake of changing messages and when certain methodologies and strategies are altered for one explanation or the other. The reasons could be in abundance yet the most significant thing here to comprehend is the way that the message must stay synchronized and there are no twofold implications or implanted messages underneath the new battle presented by the item as well a s administration. Message consistency inside a powerful and productive IMC crusade recommends that the brand group has gotten its work done well and that there are no obstructions in its wake accomplishing momentary advantages and long haul, vital benefits. An IMC

Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics

Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics I do understand that human beings are not intuitively good at statistics. Daniel Kahneman won the Nobel Prize in Economics in 2002 for showing, among other things, that people in general are terrible at statistical thinking. From Kahnemans Nobel biography: The standard example of a framing problem, which was developed quite early, is the lives saved, lives lost question, which offers a choice between two public-health programs proposed to deal with an epidemic that is threatening 600 lives: one program will save 200 lives, the other has a 1/3 chance of saving all 600 lives and a 2/3 chance of saving none. In this version, people prefer the program that will save 200 lives for sure. In the second version, one program will result in 400 deaths, the other has a 2/3 chance of 600 deaths and a 1/3 chance of no deaths. In this formulation most people prefer the gamble. If the same respondents are given the two problems on separate occasions, many give incompatible responses. When confronted with their inconsistency, people are quite embarrassed. They are also quite helpless to resolve the inconsistency. Still, just because other people are bad at statistics doesnt mean Ill accept that as an excuse from you as a prospective MIT applicant. Most MIT majors require or suggest a course in probability and/or statistics, so you might as well get a head start in statistical thinking now. First, a few facts on which to chew: 1. The overall admission rate for the class of 2009 was 14.3%. (From here.) 2. Applicants who interviewed (or had their interview waived) had a 19% admission rate; those who didnt interview had a 7% admission rate. (I dont have a citation for this, which is sketchy, so feel free not to believe me. But although I cant remember where I found the numbers, this is close enough to the truth for the purposes of this entry.) 3. Applicants with SAT scores in the 88th percentile (roughly a 1290 old SAT) have about a 5% admission rate, while those with perfect scores have about a 50% admission rate. (From here a very fun read, if youre into this kind of thing. I highly suggest it!) So does this mean that you can pour all of your personal data into some magic admissions algorithm and have it spit out a number which reflects your chances of getting into MIT? First of all, no. Moreover, it wouldnt matter if it could. For example, if the computer said that you had a 33% chance, that would mean that if you applied to MIT many times, you would expect to get in in approximately 1 in 3 tries. (And were not talking if you applied 3 times here. I think applying 500 times would probably give a good result, but I dont feel like playing around with Matlab to see if thats true.) Of course, you cant apply 500 times to MIT in a single year, or even in your lifetime, so its pointless to try and stick a number on your chances at MIT. I guess the moral of the story here is that no one is a shoo-in for MIT, but the opposite is also true nobody should think they have no hope. But its pointless to over-think this issue, because you just cant control for all the variables. For what its worth, my Super Getting into MIT Guide goes something like this: 1. Do something that you really care about, and make sure you write about it glowingly on your application. 2. Interview, and dont be lame and fake at said interview. 3. Get good scores on the SAT I and SAT IIs. 4. Take difficult classes at your high school (or even local community college) and get good grades in them. And, of course, you can get into MIT if you only have three of these four characteristics you can get in if you only have two you can get in if you only have one. But even if you have four, youre not a sure thing. My final statistics lesson has to do with something you may have heard that MIT supposedly has a stratospherically high suicide rate. This is a contention supported by the Boston Globe, a group of stellar journalists, Im sure, but not so good at the statistics thing. (I cant find the original Globe article, but the article here makes all the points the original article made.) The Globe basically looked at the MIT suicide rate between 1990 and 1999, compared it to suicide rates at other schools, and decided it was too high. (Lets just say theres a reason the Globe article wasnt published in a scientific journal. Sweeping conclusions backed up by questionable data like that make scientists including me want to bang their heads on hard surfaces.) Now lets look at some problems with the Globes grandiose conclusions: 1. People who successfully commit suicide are significantly more likely to be young and male. In the 1990s, the average MIT student was both those things; since then, the population has famously evened out. (Source here; relevant quote: In fact, MITs suicide rate is below the national average if one adjusts figures for the schools overwhelmingly male student body [during the years of the study].) 2. Moreover, science, engineering, and business students have significantly higher suicide rates than do liberal arts students. MIT undergraduates are almost exclusively science, engineering, and/or business majors. Given that both those things are true, one would expect MIT to have a high suicide rate based on those demographics alone. (Source here; relevant quote: Based on 10 undergraduate suicides over 11 years, the article concludes that suicide is a greater danger at MIT than elsewhere. When one factors in that science and business students have considerably higher suicide rates than liberal arts students, and that male college students kill themselves five times more often than female college students, the figures quoted prove nothing. MIT is cited as currently being composed of 59 percent male students; that fact alone would make the suicide rate differences with most other colleges understandable; but in the early 1990s an even higher percentage of the students at MIT were ma le.) 3. The Globe compared MIT to other schools with engineering programs, which is a terrible control. Other schools have engineering programs, yes, but few other schools have 50% of the undergraduate student body majoring in engineering. If you dont have appropriate controls (and its difficult to think of a school which would be a good control Caltech is science/engineering focused too, but only having one school as the control population would be pretty sketchy.) 4. Statistics like this are terribly vulnerable to small swings in absolute numbers. The absolute number of suicides is very small, and therefore it takes many of them spread over many years to accurately determine whether or not the rate in one place is higher or lower than the rate in another. (Source here; quote: Because of small number statistics, the true suicide rate i.e., that that would be measured by an very large MIT in the limit of an infinite number of students is, to 95% confidence, approximately 100,000*(11 +/- 2*sqrt(11)/48,000). At this level, MITs suicide rate is consistent with the national average it would take approximately another thirty three years in order to obtain a measurement of the MIT suicide rate that could be distinguished from the national average at 95% confidence.) So now you know. Go out, and tell my story to the masses. ;)

Famous Ancient Greek Sculptors

These six sculptors (Myron, Phidias, Polyclitus, Praxiteles, Scopas, and Lysippus) are among the most famous artists in ancient Greece. Most of their work has been lost except as it survives in Roman and later copies. Art during the Archaic Period was stylized  but became more realistic during the Classical Period. The late Classical Period sculpture was three dimensional, made to be viewed from all sides. These and other artists helped move Greek art — from Classic Idealism to Hellenistic Realism, blending in softer elements and emotive expressions.   The two most commonly cited sources for information about Greek and Roman artists are the first century CE writer and scientist Pliny the Elder (who died watching Pompeii erupt) and the second century CE travel writer Pausanias. Myron of Eleutherae 5th C. BCE. (Early Classical Period) An older contemporary of Phidias and Polyclitus, and, like them, also a pupil of Ageladas, Myron of Eleutherae (480–440 BCE) worked chiefly in bronze. Myron is known for his Discobolus (discus-thrower) which had careful proportions and rhythm. Pliny the Elder argued that Myrons most famous sculpture was that of a bronze heifer, supposedly so lifelike it could be mistaken for a real cow. The cow was placed at the Athenian Acropolis between 420–417 BCE, then moved to the Temple of Peace at Rome and then the Forum Taurii in Constantinople. This cow was on view for nearly a thousand years — the Greek scholar Procopius reported that he saw it in the 6th century CE. It was the subject of no less than 36 Greek and Roman epigrams, some of which claimed that the sculpture could be mistaken for a cow by calves and bulls, or that it actually was a real cow, attached to a stone base. Myron can be approximately dated to the Olympiads of the victors whose statues he crafted (Lycinus, in 448, Timanthes in 456, and Ladas, probably 476). Phidias of Athens c. 493–430 BCE (High Classical Period) Phidias (spelled Pheidias or Phydias), the son of Charmides, was a 5th century BCE sculptor known for his ability to sculpt in nearly anything, including stone, bronze, silver, gold, wood, marble, ivory, and chryselephantine. Among his most famous works is the nearly 40-foot tall statue of Athena, made of chryselephantine with plates of ivory upon a core of wood or stone for the flesh and solid gold drapery and ornaments. A statue of Zeus at Olympia was made of ivory and gold and was ranked among one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World. The Athenian statesman Pericles commissioned several works from Phidias, including sculptures to celebrate the Greek victory at the Battle of Marathon. Phidias is among the sculptors associated with the early use of the Golden Ratio, the Greek representation of which is the letter Phi after Phidias. Phidias the accused of trying to embezzle gold  but proved his innocence. He was charged with impiety, however, and sent to prison where, according to Plutarch, he died. Polyclitus of Argos 5th C. BCE (High Classical Period) Polyclitus (Polycleitus or Polykleitos) created a gold and ivory statue of Hera for the goddesss temple at Argos. Strabo called it the most beautiful rendering of Hera hed ever seen, and it was considered by most ancient writers as one of the most beautiful works of all Greek art. All his other sculptures were in bronze. Polyclitus is also known for his Doryphorus statue (Spear-bearer), which illustrated his book named canon (kanon), a theoretical work on ideal mathematical proportions for human body parts and on the balance between tension and movement, known as symmetry. He sculpted Astragalizontes (Boys Playing at Knuckle Bones) which had a place of honor in the atrium of the Emperor Titus. Praxiteles of Athens c. 400–330 BCE (Late Classical Period) Praxiteles was the son of the sculptor Cephisodotus the Elder, and a younger contemporary of Scopas. He sculpted a great variety of men and gods, both male and female; and he is said to have been the first to sculpt the human female form in a life-sized statue. Praxiteles primarily used marble from the famous quarries of Paros, but he also used bronze. Two examples of Praxiteles work are Aphrodite of Knidos (Cnidos) and Hermes with the Infant Dionysus. One of his works that reflects the change in Late Classical Period Greek art is his sculpture of the god Eros with a sad expression, taking his lead, or so some scholars have said, from a then-fashionable depiction of love as suffering in Athens, and the growing popularity of the expression of feelings in general by painters and sculptors throughout the period. Scopas of Paros 4th C. BCE (Late Classical Period) Scopas was an architect of the Temple of Athena Alea at Tegea, which used all three of the orders (Doric and Corinthian, on the outside and Ionic inside), in Arcadia. Later Scopas made sculptures for Arcadia, which were described by Pausanias. Scopas also worked on the bas-reliefs that decorated the frieze of the Mausoleum at Halicarnassus in Caria. Scopas may have made one of the sculptured columns on the temple of Artemis at Ephesus after its fire in 356. Scopas made a sculpture of a maenad in a Bacchic frenzy of which a copy survives. Lysippus of Sicyon 4th C. BCE (Late Classical Period) A metalworker, Lysippus taught himself sculpture by studying nature and Polyclitus canon. Lysippus work is characterized by lifelike naturalism and slender proportions. It has been described as impressionistic. Lysippus was the official sculptor to Alexander the Great. It is said about Lysippus that while others had made men as they were, he had made them as they appeared to the eye. Lysippus is thought not to have had formal artistic training but was a prolific sculptor creating sculptures from tabletop size to colossus. Sources Bellinger, Alfred R. The Late Bronze of Alexandria Troas. Museum Notes (American Numismatic Society) 8 (1958): 25–53. Print.Corso, Antonio. Love as Suffering: The Eros of Thespiae of Praxiteles. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies 42 (1997): 63–91. Print.Lapatin, Kenneth, D. S. Pheidias. American Journal of Archaeology 101.4 (1997): 663–82. Print.Palagia, Olga. Pheidias Epoiesen: Attribution as Value Judgement. Bulletin of the Institute of Classical Studies. Supplement.104 (2010): 97–107. Print.Squire, Michael. Making Myrons Cow Moo? Ecphrastic Epigram and the Poetics of Simulation. The American Journal of Philology 131.4 (2010): 589–634. Print.Stewart, Andrew. Praxiteles. American Journal of Archaeology 111.3 (2007): 565–69. Print.Waldstein, Charles. The Argive Hera of Polycleitus. The Journal of Hellenic Studies 21 (1901): 30–44. Print.Wycherley, R. E. Pausanias and Praxiteles. Hesperia Supplements 20 (1982): 182–91 . Print.

Descriptive Essay - The Football Practice Field - 798 Words

The Beauty of the Football Practice Field Imagine a small town with green trees and windy roads slowly fading into the dobes of the desert that surround its southern border. Along with the desert is a vast mountain range that snuggles against its northern and eastern borders. The heart of this small town is its high school, which resides on the outer edge of the town where the green stops and the dry dobes begin. The school is completely surrounded by dry plains that stretch as far as you can see except for a small oasis of green grass. This small oasis of grass is known to many as the practice field. To those who are merely passing by, it looks like a dying piece of land that has been forgotten. What they dont know is the†¦show more content†¦These are not just two red posts, these are posts that represent hard work and intensity. Also, they remind the team that we have no friends on this menacing field, only opponents and teammates. The odor that accompanies the red post is that of rank water that has been cultiva ting insects for days. In the midst of the dreadful water and the symbolic posts are the mystic mountains that are the backdrop of the field. They stand tall over the pitch and gaze down on the athletes that prepare for battle every day. The sight of the mountains and the surrounding desert are a sight worth seeing, these are not the fields greatest attractions. The first thing that is notice when walking past the red posts is the fields worsening conditions: the worn down patches of grass that have seen more action than the rest, the prairie-dog holes that are a threat to every players mobility, and the bumps and holes in the field that misconstrue its seemingly flat surface. Despite all distinct markings that set this field apart from any other practice fields, there is a sense of pride that the players hold towards the field. This comes from the lessons of life that are taught there. These lessons helped me to grow and understand what teamwork is and how you have to overcome obstacles in life. These are learned through each grueling practice that takes place, with every practice comes conditioning andShow MoreRelatedThe Most Memorable Piece Of Writing Essay1404 Words   |  6 Pageswriters purpose will allow you to see different aspects of an essay than the average person would. Many different aspects play into why someone writes what they write, and that’s what makes their essay memorable. Personally, the most memorable piece of writing that I’ve ever constructed was my college essay for the University of Central Florida, and these exact aspects; exigence, context, constraints, and audience are what helped develop my essay. Read MoreAfrican Americans : The Treatment Of Minority Athletes1433 Words   |  6 Pagescollegiate basketball, and insinuates the beginning of what colored people thought would be the end of racial discrimination in the United States. 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Different Ways of Persuading Free Essays

A few years back, I had a very close friend who never believes that she has the ability to keep up with life. She reiterates that she is ugly and that nobody is going to like her forever. In addition to that, she insists that she is not at all intelligent. We will write a custom essay sample on Different Ways of Persuading or any similar topic only for you Order Now She states that she is useless almost every waking moment of her life. What I did was to show her that I extremely like her; see, according to the â€Å"law of liking†, individuals tend to be fond of someone showing fondness to them as well (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). My persuasive manner of delivery actually changed her belief that nobody is going to like her (Rinke, 2006, n. p. ). When this same close friend of mine got sick of endometriosis, she did not believe that surgery can help her (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). What I did was to combine â€Å"trust, logic, and emotions† to convince her to undergo surgery for her sake (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). I had to tell her that she should trust me and I did that by explaining carefully the procedure of the operation, as well as, the advantages that it will bring her after (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. . The tone of my voice, as well as, my body language surely touched her as well since I was able to convince her eventually (Kotelnikov, 2008, n. p. ). There was also a time when she had a terrible family problem (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). I did not say much, simply because it is enough that I was there to listen and to show her that I care; through the non-verbal communication I carried out, I was able to convince her that her situation is not that bad after all (Hogan, 1996, p. 95 – 114). The gestures, as well as, the eye contacts were convincing enough (Syque, 2007, n. . ). On a final note, in almost all the situations that I have been there with her, I utilized â€Å"reason† to convince her (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). When she told me that she believes all men are bad, I immediately provided her with objective reasons why she should not continue to believe so (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). She was able to draw a commonsensical conclusion eventually after I presented explanations as to why she should not generalize her emotions/perceptions toward men (Hubpages Inc. , 2007, n. p. ). How to cite Different Ways of Persuading, Papers

Socrates Was A Great Philosopher Who Lived In Greece. Socrates Was The

Socrates was a great philosopher who lived in Greece. Socrates was the first of, the great trio of ancient Greece Socrates, Plato, and Aristotle, (Encyclopedia Britannica, volume 27). Socrates was born in Athens, Greece in about 470 BC. His father was Sophroniscus, a sculptor, and his mother was Phaenarete. Socrates followed in his fathers footsteps for a while as a sculptor. He designed a statue group of the three graces, which stood at the entrance to the Acropolis until the second century AD. Socrates had a fairly bad appearance. He was stout and not very tall, with prominent eyes, a snub nose, broad nostrils, and a wide mouth (Moulton, Ancient Greece and Rome). Socrates was married late in life to Xanthippe. He had three sons Lamprocles, Sophroniscus, and Menexenus. During the Peloponesian war against Sparta, Socrates bravely served as a hoplite (a heavily armed infantry soldier). He fought in the battles of Potidaea (432-430 BC) where he saved the life of Alcibiades, the battle of Delium (424 BC), and the battle of Amphipolis (422 BC). Socrates liked to argue and debate anything with anyone. He spent most of his time in public places, like the marketplace, arguing with anyone that listened. He enjoyed life immensely and achieved social popularity because of his ready wit and a keen sense of humor that was completely devoid of satire or cynicism (Encarta Encyclopedia 1999). Socrates did not write any books nor did he establish any schools of philosophy. He criticized Athenian education and the teaching ways of the Sophists. Sophists taught things by having the students memorize facts. Socrates thought that if a student asked questions then they would learn better. Socrates did not want to be called a Sophist; instead he was called a philosopher. The basis of his teaching was the concepts of justice, love, and virtue. He believed that no person is willingly bad and that virtue is knowledge and those who know the right will act rightly. This type of thinking was called the Socratic method. One of Socrates pupils was Plato, who in turn taught Aristotle. Through the writings of these philosophers, Socrates profoundly affected the entire subsequent course of Western speculative thought (Encarta 99). Socrates also taught Anisthenes, who founded the Cynic school of philosophy, and Aristippus who founded the Cyrenaic school of hedonism. Socrates criticized democracy. He thought that it wasnt smart to elect unskilled people as rulers. After all, we do not elect doctors or ship pilots why should we elect rulers? he said. Socrates drew crowds when he mocked the government. Through his teaching and actions he made many enemies in the government. Socrates was arrested in 399 BC for impiety. At his trial the prosecutor Meletus said he was neglecting the gods of the state and introducing new ones (this was because Socrates believed in a mystical inner voice called the daemonion), and corrupting the morals of the young, leading them away from the principals of democracy. Socrates was convicted by a vote of 280 to 220, and Meletus asked for the death penalty, and the jury concurred by a small margin. Socrates, according to Athenian legal practice, was supposed to make a counter-proposition, which he did only for forms sake. He suggested a fine of one mina but raised it to thirty because his friends told him to. This further angered the jury, which voted to sentence him to death by an even wider margin. The customary procedure of execution was to drink a poison made from the bark of the hemlock tree. This was supposed to be done within 24 hours but there was an unexpected delay of a month. During his prison stay his friends frequently visited Socrates. One friend, Crito, proposed an escape plan, but Socrates refused. He decided that the verdict had been given fairly and he would go through with the sentence. Socrates drank the hemlock and died in 399 BC. Socrates still influences the way we think today. Socrates thought that to be really happy, people had to find perfection in their souls, and the better that their souls were then the happier they were. He also thought that people should think about what they think about and why. Many of